|  |  |  | | | | | TE-RegenMed-StemCell feed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Stem cell therapy for cardiac disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011 Feb;11(2):177-87 Authors: Flynn A, O'Brien T Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality throughout the world. Stem cell therapy offers the potential for significantly reducing the burden of this disease. Areas covered: In this review, we broadly discuss cell therapy for cardiac repair. We describe mammalian cardiac regeneration, and discuss animal models of cardiac disease. The effects of various cell therapies on cardiovascular disease are described. Particular attention is given to adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Additional cell populations that have been studied are also described. We provide suggestions of where further advances in the field will be made. We anticipate that the reader will gain a comprehensive knowledge of the context of cell therapy for cardiac disease, will be informed of recent advances, and will have an appreciation of the possible future direction of cellular therapeutics for cardiac disease. Expert opinion: There is a sound rationale behind cell therapy for cardiac repair and animal studies have shown promising results. Early clinical trials have demonstrated that cell therapy is safe, with modest therapeutic efficacy. Carefully designed future trials are required if cell therapy is to progress to mainstream therapy. PMID: 21219235 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The Heterogeneous Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of the Mitral Valve: Implications for Tissue Engineering. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2011 Jan 8; Authors: Grande-Allen KJ, Liao J There are compelling reasons to develop a tissue-engineered mitral valve, but this endeavor has not received the same attention as tissue engineering strategies for the semilunar valves. Challenges in regenerating a mitral valve include recapitulating the complex heterogeneity in terms of anatomy (differently sized leaflets, numerous chordae), extracellular matrix composition, biomechanical behavior, valvular interstitial cell and endothelial cell phenotypes, and interior vasculature and innervation. It will also be essential to restore the functional relationships between the native mitral valve and left ventricle. A growing amount of information relevant to tissue engineering a mitral valve has been recently collected through investigations of cell mechanobiology and collagen organization. It is hoped that the development of tissue-engineered mitral valves can build on knowledge derived from engineering semilunar valves, but the mitral valve will present its own unique challenges as investigators move toward a first-generation prototype. PMID: 21221857 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yielding Behavior in Injectable Hydrogels from Telechelic Proteins. Macromolecules. 2010 Nov 9;43(21):9094-9099 Authors: Olsen BD, Kornfield JA, Tirrell DA Injectable hydrogels show substantial promise for use in minimally invasive tissue engineering and drug delivery procedures.1,2 A new injectable hydrogel material, developed from recombinant telechelic proteins expressed in E. coli, demonstrates shear thinning by three orders of magnitude at large strains. Large amplitude oscillatory shear illustrates that shear thinning is due to yielding within the bulk of the gel, and the rheological response and flow profiles are consistent with a shear-banding mechanism for yielding. The sharp yielding transition and large magnitude of the apparent shear thinning allow gels to be injected through narrow gauge needles with only gentle hand pressure. After injection the gels reset to full elastic strength in seconds due to rapid reformation of the physical network junctions, allowing self-supporting structures to be formed. The shear thinning and recovery behavior is largely independent of the midblock length, enabling genetic engineering to be used to control the equilibrium modulus of the gel without loss of the characteristic yielding behavior. The shear-banding mechanism localizes deformation during flow into narrow regions of the gels, allowing more than 95% of seeded cells to survive the injection process. PMID: 21221427 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Directed assembly of cell-laden hydrogels for engineering functional tissues. Organogenesis. 2010 Dec 7;6(4):234-44 Authors: Kachouie NN, Du Y, Bae H, Khabiry M, Ahari AF, Zamanian B, Fukuda J, Khademhosseini A Tissue engineering aims to develop functionalized tissues for organ replacement or restoration. Biodegradable scaffolds have been used in tissue engineering to support cell growth and maintain mechanical and biological properties of tissue constructs. Ideally cells on these scaffolds adhere, proliferate, and deposit matrix at a rate that is consistent with scaffold degradation. However, the cellular rearrangement within these scaffolds often does not recapitulate the architecture of the native tissues. Directed assembly of tissue-like structures is an attractive alternative to scaffold-based approach for tissue engineering which potentially can build tissue constructs with biomimetic architecture and function. In directed assembly, shape-controlled microstructures are fabricated in which organized structures of different cell types can be used as tissue building blocks. To fabricate tissue building blocks, hydrogels are commonly used as biomaterials for cell encapsulation to mimic the matrix in vivo. The hydrogel-based tissue building blocks can be arranged in pre-defined architectures by various directed tissue assembly techniques. In this paper, recent advances in directed assembly-based tissue engineering are summarized as an emerging alternative to meet challenges associated with scaffold-based tissue engineering and future directions are addressed. PMID: 21220962 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tissue engineering of a collagen-based vascular media: Demonstration of functionality. Organogenesis. 2010 Dec 7;6(4):204-11 Authors: Schutte SC, Chen Z, Brockbank KG, Nerem RM The property of vasoactivity is important for both resistance vessels and larger arteries. Evaluation of smooth muscle cell phenotype is often done in place of functional testing in engineered tissues, assuming a direct correlation between cell phenotype and tissue contractile force. In this study we look at a large panel of vasoactive agents to determine the functionality of our collagen-based tissue. The engineered vascular media elicited a measurable change in force in response to seven of the nine agents used. As part of this characterization, TGF-β1 and TNF-α were used to promote a more contractile and synthetic cell phenotype respectively. Both smooth muscle α-actin and vasoconstriction were evaluated in ring sections. Due to large differences in cell-compaction and cell distribution in the tissues, no correlation was found between α-actin expression and contractile strength. This highlights the need for functional testing of engineered tissue and the importance of cell-matrix interactions in vasoactivity. PMID: 21220958 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Biodegradable microfluidic scaffolds for tissue engineering from amino alcohol-based poly(ester amide) elastomers. Organogenesis. 2010 Dec 7;6(4):212-6 Authors: Wang J, Bettinger CJ, Langer RS, Borenstein JT Biodegradable polymers with high mechanical strength, flexibility and optical transparency, optimal degradation properties and biocompatibility are critical to the success of tissue engineered devices and drug delivery systems. Most biodegradable polymers suffer from a short half life due to rapid degradation upon implantation, exceedingly high stiffness, and limited ability to functionalize the surface with chemical moieties. This work describes the fabrication of microfluidic networks from poly(ester amide), poly(1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-co-polyol sebacate) (APS), a recently developed biodegradable elastomeric poly(ester amide). Microfluidic scaffolds constructed from APS exhibit a much lower Young's Modulus and a significantly longer degradation half-life than those of previously reported systems. The device is fabricated using a modified replica-molding technique, which is rapid, inexpensive, reproducible, and scalable, making the approach ideal for both rapid prototyping and manufacturing of tissue engineering scaffolds. PMID: 21220957 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVC): A mesenchymal cell source for dermal wound healing. Organogenesis. 2010 Dec 7;6(4):197-203 Authors: Zebardast N, Lickorish D, Davies JE Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSC) have recently been employed in the clinical treatment of challenging skin defects. We have described an MSC population that can be easily harvested from human umbilical cord perivascular tissue, human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVC), which exhibit a higher proliferative rate and frequency than hBM-MSC. Our objective was to establish whether HUCPVC could promote healing of full thickness murine skin defects, and thus find utility as a cell source for dermal repair. To this end, bilateral full thickness defects were created on the dorsum of Balb/c nude mice. Fibrin was used as a delivery vehicle for 1 x 106 PKH-67 labeled HUCPVC with contralateral controls receiving fibrin only. Epifluorescent and brightfield microscopic evaluation of the wound site was carried out at 3 and 7 days while mechanical testing of wounds was carried out at 3, 7, and 10 days. Our results show that by 3 days, marked contraction of the wound was observed in the fibrin controls whilst the HUCPVC samples exhibited neither collapse nor contraction of the defect, and the dermal repair tissue was considerably thicker and more organized. By 7 days, complete re-epithelialization of the HUCPVC wounds was observed whilst in the controls re-epithelialization was limited to the wound margins. Wound strength was significantly increased in the HUCPVC treatment group by 3 and 7 days but no statistical difference was seen at 10 days. We conclude that HUCPVCs accelerate early wound healing in full thickness skin defects and thus represent a putative source of human MSCs for use in dermal tissue engineering. PMID: 21220956 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Engineering towards functional tissues and organs. Organogenesis. 2011 Jan 10;6(3):139-40 Authors: Jayasinghe SN Engineering towards fully functional tissues and organs fall under the widespread banner of tissue engineering and regenerative biology/medicine (which includes therapeutics). This endeavor is said to evolve from the Greek mythical story (1) where Prometheus is punished by Zeus who assigned a long winged eagle to feed on Prometheus's liver, for stealing fire from the Gods. It is said that Prometheus's liver grew as much it was eaten. Thus, conceptualizing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This in its very early stages was investigated by Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (2) and was subsequently clinically implemented in 1954 in renal transplantation medicine in the United States by Joseph Murray and colleagues.3 Both Carrel and Murray were awarded Nobel Prizes for their findings and contributions. (4) Although these are hallmarks for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, there are many obstacles and to date we are still grappling with some of these hurdles whist others have to a great extent been understood, and could be argued as being to some degree resolved. Some obstacles we face today range from (1) the ability to grow specialized and unspecialized cells outside the human body in practical quantities while retaining their native functionality, (2) biomaterials (advancing the development of synthetic materials for enhanced bioactivity), (3) advanced approaches for forming three-dimensional fully functional tissues and or organs to (4) controlled vascularization, which are a few examples amongst many. PMID: 21220954 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Strategies for organ level tissue engineering. Organogenesis. 2011 Jan 10;6(3):151-7 Authors: Rustad KC, Sorkin M, Levi B, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC The field of tissue engineering has made considerable strides since it was first described in the late 1980s. The advent and subsequent boom in stem cell biology, emergence of novel technologies for biomaterial development, and further understanding of developmental biology have contributed to this accelerated progress. However, continued efforts to translate tissue engineering strategies into clinical therapies have been hampered by the problems associated with scaling up laboratory methods to produce large, complex tissues. The significant challenges faced by tissue engineers include the production of an intact vasculature within a tissue-engineered construct and recapitulation of the size and complexity of a whole organ. Here we review the basic components necessary for bioengineering organs - biomaterials, cells and bioactive molecules-and discuss various approaches for augmenting these principles to achieve organ level tissue engineering. Ultimately, the successful translation of tissue-engineered constructs into everyday clinical practice will depend upon the ability of the tissue engineer to "scale up" every aspect of the research and development process. PMID: 21220952 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Development, characterization and clinical use of a biodegradable composite scaffold for bone engineering in oro-maxillo-facial surgery. Organogenesis. 2011 Jan 10;6(3):161-6 Authors: Davies JE, Matta R, Mendes VC, Carvalho PS We have developed a biodegradable composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications with a pore size and interconnecting macroporosity similar to those of human trabecular bone. The scaffold is fabricated by a process of particle leaching and phase inversion from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and two calcium phosphate (CaP) phases both of which are resorbable by osteoclasts; the first a particulate within the polymer structure and the second a thin ubiquitous coating. The 3-5 µm thick osteoconductive surface CaP abrogates the putative foreign body giant cell response to the underlying polymer, while the internal CaP phase provides dimensional stability in an otherwise highly compliant structure. The scaffold may be used as a biomaterial alone, as a carrier for cells, or a three-phase drug delivery device. Due to the highly interconnected macroporosity ranging from 81% to 91%, with macropores of 0.8~1.8 mm, and an ability to wick up blood, the scaffold acts as both a clot-retention device and an osteoconductive support for host bone growth. As a cell delivery vehicle, the scaffold can be first seeded with human mesenchymal cells which can then contribute to bone formation in orthotopic implantation sites, as we show in immune-compromised animal hosts. We have also employed this scaffold in both lithomorph and particulate forms in human patients to maintain alveolar bone height following tooth extraction, and augment alveolar bone height through standard sinus lift approaches. We provide a clinical case report of both of these applications; and we show that the scaffold served to regenerate sufficient bone tissue in the wound site to provide a sound foundation for dental implant placement. At the time of writing, such implants have been in occlusal function for periods of up to 3 years in sites regenerated through the use of the scaffold. PMID: 21220950 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Advances in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: Moving towards therapy. Organogenesis. 2011 Jan 10;6(3):167-72 Authors: Rossi CA, Pozzobon M, Coppi PD Skeletal muscle can self-repair, but is unable to restore significant tissue loss, as consequence of trauma, congenital defects, tumor ablation, or denervation. Intramuscular injection of autologous or allogenic derived myogenic cells (namely satellite cells and myoblasts) did not lead to efficient regeneration because of poor cell retention and survival, as well as immunorejection. In the last decade, tissue engineering looked at overcoming these problems by investigating alternative treatment options, i.e. the suspension of myogenic precursors in temporary matrix, formed by biodegradable and biocompatible materials. This approach allows to engineer custom architectured preconditioned implants, and locally deliver paracrine factors. This article reviews current and potential strategies for the repair of damaged muscle and suggests some innovative approaches for the translation to the clinical setting. PMID: 21220949 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Injectable in situ forming biodegradable chitosan-hyaluronic acid based hydrogels for adipose tissue regeneration. Organogenesis. 2011 Jan 10;6(3):173-80 Authors: Tan H, Rubin JP, Marra KG An injectable, biodegradable and glucose-responsive hydrogel derived from natural polysaccharide derivatives was synthesized to deliver adipogenic factor of insulin in vitro for adipose tissue engineering. The biodegradable hydrogel based N-succinyl-chitosan (SCS) and aldehyde hyaluronic acid (AHA) with covalently conjugated glucose oxidase and catalase. The gelation is attributed to the Schiff-base reaction between amino and aldehyde groups of SCS and AHA, respectively. The morphologies and compressive modulus of the freeze-dried hydrogels demonstrated that the incorporated insulin and enzymes results in the formation of a tighter network structure in composite hydrogels. The immobilized enzymes triggered conversion of glucose reduces the pH value of the microenvironment, and results in hydrolysis and increasing swelling of the network basing on Schiff-base cross-linking. The pH inside the hydrogel, kept in PBS solution at pH 7.4 and 37oC, linearly dropped from 7.40 to 7.17 during 4 h of initial period, then slowly increased to 7.36 after 24 h. Correspondingly, the swelling ratio increased from 20.8 to 28.6 at 37oC in PBS with 500 mg/dL glucose. In PBS buffer with 500mg/dL glucose, about 10.8 % of insulin was seen to be released from the hydrogel after 8 h of incubation. The results demonstrated that the adipogenic factor of insulin would be released from this biodegradable hydrogel device into the local microenvironment in a controlled fashion by the swelling of hydrogel network. These preliminary studies indicate that the biodegradable and glucose-responsive hydrogel may have potential uses in adipose tissue engineering applications. PMID: 21220948 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Interactions between human osteoblasts and prostate cancer cells in a novel 3D in vitro model. Organogenesis. 2011 Jan 10;6(3):181-8 Authors: Sieh S, Lubik AA, Clements JA, Nelson CC, Hutmacher DW Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions play a major role in tumor morphogenesis and cancer metastasis. Therefore, it is crucial to create a model with a biomimetic microenvironment that allows such interactions to fully represent the pathophysiology of a disease for an in vitro study. This is achievable by using three-dimensional (3D) models instead of conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures with the aid of tissue engineering technology. We are now able to better address the complex intercellular interactions underlying prostate cancer (CaP) bone metastasis through such models. In this study, we assessed the interaction of CaP cells and human osteoblasts (hOBs) within a tissue engineered bone (TEB) construct. Consistent with other in vivo studies, our findings show that intercellular and CaP cell-bone matrix interactions lead to elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases, steroidogenic enzymes and the CaP biomarker, prostate specific antigen (PSA); all associated with CaP metastasis. Hence, it highlights the physiological relevance of this model. We believe that this model will provide new insights for understanding of the previously poorly understood molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis, which will foster further translational studies, and ultimately offer a potential tool for drug screening. PMID: 21220947 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MSCA-1/TNAP Selection of Human Jaw Periosteal Cells Improves their Mineralization Capacity. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2010;26(6):1073-80 Authors: Alexander D, Schäfer F, Olbrich M, Friedrich B, Bühring HJ, Hoffmann J, Reinert S Human jaw periosteum-derived cells (JPCs) represent an alternative cell source to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering applications in the oral and maxillofacial surgery. In this study we investigated how far the presence or expression of human mesenchymal stem cell antigen-1/tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (MSCA-1/TNAP) and LNGFR (CD271) can be utilized to select and enrich the osteogenic progenitor cell fraction from the entire JPC population. Depending on their mineralization capacity, we classified the human isolated JPCs into mineralizing (mJPCs) and non-mineralizing JPCs (nmJPCs). Flow cytometric analyses revealed that undifferentiated mJPCs expressed MSCA-1/TNAP at significant higher levels than nmJPCs at day 5 and 10 of osteogenesis. Western blot analyses showed increased MSCA-1/TNAP expression levels in mJPCs during osteogenesis, whereas in nmJPCs MSCA-1/TNAP expression remained undetectable. Using the MSCA-1 and LNGFR specific antibodies, we separated the positive and negative fractions from the entire mJPC population. In order to analyse the mineralization capacity of the MSCA-1(+) and LNGFR(+) cell subsets, we quantified the calcium deposition in both subpopulations in comparison to the respective negative subpopulations. The MSCA-1(+)/TNAP(+) cell fraction showed a significant higher osteogenic capacity compared to the MSCA-1-/TNAP- cell fraction whereas the LNGFR(+/-) cell fractions did not differ in their osteogenic potential. Our findings suggest that MSCA-1 may represent a promising osteogenic marker for mJPC. PMID: 21220938 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1): homing factor for engineered regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011 Feb;11(2):189-97 Authors: Lau TT, Wang DA Introduction: Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1) is a chemokine that plays a major role in cell trafficking and homing of CD34(+) stem cells. Studies employing SDF-1/CXCR4 have demonstrated its therapeutic potential in tissue engineering. During injury, cells from the injured organ highly express SDF-1, which causes an elevation of localized SDF-1 levels. This leads to recruitment and retention of circulating CD34(+) progenitor cells at the injury site via chemotactic attraction toward a gradient of SDF-1. The general approaches for SDF-1 introduction in tissue engineering are direct protein incorporation into scaffolds and transplantation of SDF-1-overexpressing cells and both methods are successful in improving the regeneration of the damaged tissue/organ. Areas covered: The mechanisms of SDF-1-mediated homing via CXCR4 receptor and the success of SDF-1-based medical applications in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) homing as well as areas such as therapeutic angiogenesis, wound healing and neuronal and liver regeneration. Expert opinion: Current SDF-1 delivery designs and platforms hold much room for improvement. Regardless of the different techniques of SDF-1 introduction, they have proved to be effective in recruitment of various stem/progenitor cells. The pursuit of SDF-1-related regenerative medicine has already begun. It is thus conceivable that its usage in the clinical setting will be a reality in the near future. PMID: 21219236 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Surface-modified nanofibrous biomaterial bridge for the enhancement and control of neurite outgrowth. Biointerphases. 2010 Dec;5(4):149 Authors: Zander NE, Orlicki JA, Rawlett AM, Beebe TP Biomaterial bridges constructed from electrospun fibers offer a promising alternative to traditional nerve tissue regeneration substrates. Aligned and unaligned polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun fibers were prepared and functionalized with the extracellular matrix proteins collagen and laminin using covalent and physical adsorption attachment chemistries. The effect of the protein modified and native PCL nanofiber scaffolds on cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth rate, and orientation was examined with neuronlike PC12 cells. All protein modified scaffolds showed enhanced cellular adhesion and neurite outgrowth compared to unmodified PCL scaffolds. Neurite orientation was found to be in near perfect alignment with the fiber axis for cells grown on aligned fibers, with difference angles of less than 7° from the fiber axis, regardless of the surface chemistry. The bioavailability of PCL fibers with covalently attached laminin was found to be identical to that of PCL fibers with physically adsorbed laminin, indicating that the covalent chemistry did not change the protein conformation into a less active form and the covalent attachment of protein is a suitable method for enhancing the biocompatibility of tissue engineering scaffolds. PMID: 21219036 [PubMed - in process] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Effect of simvastatin on inducing endothelial progenitor cells homing and promoting bone defect repair]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Sep;24(9):1103-6 Authors: Song Q, Wang L, Zhu J, Han X, Li X, Yang Y, Sun Y, Song C To investigate the effect of simvastatin on inducing endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) homing and promoting bone defect repair, and to explore the mechanism of local implanting simvastatin in promoting bone formation. PMID: 20939484 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Preliminary study on porous scaffold prepared with decellularized artery]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Sep;24(9):1052-7 Authors: Duan H, Wu X, Gu Y, Wu Y, Li J, Chen B, Zhang S, Wang Z, Liu Z To investigate the feasibility of preparing the porous extracellular matrix (ECM) by use of some chemicals and enzymes to decellularize the porcine carotid artery. PMID: 20939472 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Matrix density mediates polarization and lumen formation of endothelial sprouts in VEGF gradients. Lab Chip. 2010 Nov 21;10(22):3061-8 Authors: Shamloo A, Heilshorn SC Endothelial cell (EC) sprouting morphogenesis is a critical step during angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing conduits. Here, three-dimensional sprouting morphogenesis was examined using in vitro microfluidic devices that enabled the separate and simultaneous tuning of biomechanical and soluble biochemical stimuli. Quantitative analysis of endothelial sprout formation demonstrated that the ability of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to regulate stable sprout formation was mediated by the density of the surrounding collagen/fibronectin matrix. The coordinated migration and proliferation of multiple ECs to form stable sprouts were enhanced at intermediate matrix densities (1.2-1.9 mg ml(-1)), while lower densities resulted in uncoordinated migration (0.3-0.7 mg ml(-1)) and higher densities resulted in broad cell clusters that did not elongate (2.7 mg ml(-1)). Within the permissive range of matrix biomechanics, higher density matrices resulted in shorter, thicker, and slower-growing sprouts. The sprouts in higher density matrices also were more likely to polarize towards higher VEGF concentrations, included more cells per cross-sectional area, and demonstrated more stable lumen formation compared to sprouts in lower density matrices. These results quantitatively demonstrate that matrix density mediates VEGF-induced sprout polarization and lumen formation, potentially by regulating the balance between EC migration rate and proliferation rate. PMID: 20820484 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Research progress of full-thickness tissue engineered skin]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Jul;24(7):854-9 Authors: Han Y, Sun T, Li D, Tao R, Chai J To review the latest research progress of full-thickness tissue engineered skin (FTTES), to thoroughly understand its current state of research and application so as to lay a solid foundation for developing new type FTTES and improving the quality of skin substitutes. PMID: 20695385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | | | | | | | | | |  | |  | |  |
No comments:
Post a Comment