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| Expression of NOD2 in a Rat Model of Acute Pancreatitis.
May 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
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| | Expression of NOD2 in a Rat Model of Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2010 Apr 30; Authors: Qian M, Fang L, Cui Y OBJECTIVES:: To observe the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) in rats with acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS:: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation (SO) groups and AP groups. Acute pancreatitis was induced with retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct. They were then killed at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after induction of AP. Blood biochemical indicators were detected with automatic biochemistry analyzer. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was measured by immunohistochemistry. The NOD2 was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS:: Compared with the SO group, the level of messenger RNA and protein of NOD2 in pancreatic tissue and peritoneal white blood cells (PWBCs) in the AP groups significantly declined (P < 0.05). The messenger RNA level! of NOD2 in the AP groups was correlated positively with amylase (P < 0.05) and negatively with TNF-alpha (P < 0.05); TNF-alpha significantly decreased in the AP groups, whereas NF-kappaB significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:: The NOD2 may play an important role in the up-regulation and activation of NF-kappaB during inflammation reactions in AP. PMID: 20442679 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | | |
| Evolution of induced pluripotent stem cell technology.
May 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
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| | Evolution of induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Curr Opin Hematol. 2010 May 3; Authors: Zhou H, Ding S PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which uses defined transcription factors to reprogram somatic cells to become pluripotent cells, offers a significant technical simplicity and enables generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells with reduced ethical concerns. This review will focus on recent progresses in understanding of iPSCs and improved methods of generating iPSCs. RECENT FINDINGS: Whereas iPSCs generated from a variety of cell sources were found to be nearly identical functionally to embryonic stem cells, some differences were also identified and remain to be characterized. Meanwhile, new methods of generating iPSCs with minimal or no exogenous genetic modifications to cells have advanced rapidly. SUMMARY: iPSC technology provides unprecedented opportunities in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. However, there remain a great deal to learn about iPSC safety, the reprogramming mechanisms, and better ways t! o direct a specific reprogramming process. The iPSC field will flourish on its mechanistic studies, iPSC-based disease modeling, and identification of new small molecules that modulate reprogramming. PMID: 20442654 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | | |
| Customized Tissue Engineering For Ear Reconstruction.
May 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
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| | Customized Tissue Engineering For Ear Reconstruction. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;68:120-131 Authors: Staudenmaier R, Hoang NT, Mandlik V, Schurr C, Burghartz M, Hauber K, Meier G, Kadegge G, Blunk T Tissue engineering (TE) of cartilage for reconstructive surgery has proven to be a promising option for obtaining tissue for 3D structures that results in minimal donor site morbidity. Technological advances in this area are important since many defects can only be treated with customized implants. Most TE strategies rely on the use of resorbable 3D scaffolds to guide the growing tissue, with each tissue requiring a specific scaffold that has precisely defined properties depending on the physiological environment. Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies allow the fabrication of scaffolds of various geometric complexities from a variety of materials and as composites, while even allowing the inner architecture of the object to be varied in a defined manner at any given location. Scaffolds can be manufactured using RP techniques directly from computer aided design (CAD) data sources, e.g. via an STL file. The combination of TE and RP serves as the basis for the producti! on of customized implants, for example the cartilage ear framework, and provides new perspectives for autologous ear reconstruction. PMID: 20442566 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | | |
| Ear Reconstruction through Tissue Engineering.
May 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
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| | Ear Reconstruction through Tissue Engineering. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;68:108-119 Authors: Haisch A For decades, reconstructive surgery of the auricle has presented a challenge to surgeons. An immense number of publications now document the efforts to develop and improve techniques designed to provide reasonable shape and functionality. Since the early 1990s, tissue engineering has become increasingly popular in the field of reconstructive surgery. In particular, when an in-vitro-manufactured auricular-shaped cartilage implant was implanted on the back of a nude mouse, reconstructive surgeons were intrigued and patients' expectations were raised. However, almost 20 years after tissue engineering was defined by Langer and Vacanti [Science 1993;260:920-926] as: 'an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ', only single case reports have been published. These reports detail the clinical application of in-vi! tro-manufactured cartilage for reconstructive procedures in the head and neck. The present article describes the fundamentals and potential of tissue engineering in reconstructive surgery of the auricle, and highlights the limitations that prevent its current clinical application. PMID: 20442565 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | | |
| Transcriptional evidence for the "Reverse Warburg Effect" in human breast cancer tumor stroma and metastasis: Similarities with oxidative stress, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and "Neuron-Glia Metabolic Coupling".
May 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
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| | Transcriptional evidence for the "Reverse Warburg Effect" in human breast cancer tumor stroma and metastasis: Similarities with oxidative stress, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and "Neuron-Glia Metabolic Coupling". Aging (Albany NY). 2010 Apr;2(4):185-99 Authors: Pavlides S, Tsirigos A, Vera I, Flomenberg N, Frank PG, Casimiro MC, Wang C, Pestell RG, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP Caveolin-1 (-/-) null stromal cells are a novel genetic model for cancer-associated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Here, we used an unbiased informatics analysis of transcriptional gene profiling to show that Cav-1 (-/-) bone-marrow derived stromal cells bear a striking resemblance to the activated tumor stroma of human breast cancers. More specifically, the transcriptional profiles of Cav-1 (-/-) stromal cells were most closely related to the primary tumor stroma of breast cancer patients that had undergone lymph-node (LN) metastasis. This is consistent with previous morphological data demonstrating that a loss of stromal Cav-1 protein (by immuno-histochemical staining in the fibroblast compartment) is significantly associated with increased LN-metastasis. We also provide evidence that the tumor stroma of human breast cancers shows a transcriptional shift towards oxidative stress, DNA damage/repair, inflammation, hypoxia, and aerobic glycolysis, consistent with ! the "Reverse Warburg Effect". Finally, the tumor stroma of "metastasis-prone" breast cancer patients was most closely related to the transcriptional profiles derived from the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. This suggests that certain fundamental biological processes are common to both an activated tumor stroma and neuro-degenerative stress. These processes may include oxidative stress, NO over-production (peroxynitrite formation), inflammation, hypoxia, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are thought to occur in Alzheimer?s disease pathology. Thus, a loss of Cav-1 expression in cancer-associated myofibroblasts may be a protein biomarker for oxidative stress, aerobic glycolysis, and inflammation, driving the "Reverse Warburg Effect" in the tumor micro-environment and cancer cell metastasis. PMID: 20442453 [PubMed - in process] | | |
| Approaches for immunological tolerance induction to stem cell-derived cell replacement therapies.
May 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
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| | Approaches for immunological tolerance induction to stem cell-derived cell replacement therapies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2010 May;6(3):435-48 Authors: Boyd AS, Fairchild PJ The shortage of donors for organ transplantation and also to treat degenerative diseases has led to the development of the new field of regenerative medicine. One aim of this field, in addition to in vivo induction of endogenous tissue regeneration, is to utilize stem cells as a supplementary source of cells to repair or replace tissues or organs that have ceased to function owing to ageing or autoimmunity. Embryonic stem cells hold promise in this respect because of their developmental capacity to generate all tissues within the body. More recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells, somatic cells reprogrammed to a primitive embryonic-like state by the introduction of pluripotency factors, may also act as an important cell source for cell replacement therapy. However, before cell replacement therapy can become a reality, one must consider how to overcome the potential transplant rejection of stem cell-derived products. There are several potential wa! ys to circumvent the hurdles presented by the immune system in this setting, not least the induction of immunological tolerance in the host. In this review, we consider this and other approaches for engendering acceptance of stem cell-derived tissues. PMID: 20441429 [PubMed - in process] | | |
| Regeneration and reprogramming compared.
May 6, 2010 at 7:55 AM
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| | Regeneration and reprogramming compared. BMC Biol. 2010;8:5 Authors: Christen B, Robles V, Raya M, Paramonov I, Belmonte JC BACKGROUND: Dedifferentiation occurs naturally in mature cell types during epimorphic regeneration in fish and some amphibians. Dedifferentiation also occurs in the induction of pluripotent stem cells when a set of transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc) is over expressed in mature cell types. RESULTS: We hypothesised that there are parallels between dedifferentiation or reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells and the natural process of dedifferentiation during epimorphic regeneration. We analysed expression levels of the most commonly used pluripotency associated factors in regenerating and non-regenerating tissue and compared them with levels in a pluripotent reference cell. We found that some of the pluripotency associated factors (oct4/pou5f1, sox2, c-myc, klf4, tert, sall4, zic3, dppa2/4 and fut1, a homologue of ssea1) were expressed before and during regeneration and that at least two of these factors (oct4, sox2) were als! o required for normal fin regeneration in the zebrafish. However these factors were not upregulated during regeneration as would be expected if blastema cells acquired pluripotency. CONCLUSIONS: By comparing cells from the regeneration blastema with embryonic pluripotent reference cells we found that induced pluripotent stem and blastema cells do not share pluripotency. However, during blastema formation some of the key reprogramming factors are both expressed and are also required for regeneration to take place. We therefore propose a link between partially reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells and the half way state of blastema cells and suggest that a common mechanism might be regulating these two processes. PMID: 20089153 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] | | | | 
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