| From Birth Till Death: Neurogenesis, Cell Cycle, and Neurodegeneration.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | From Birth Till Death: Neurogenesis, Cell Cycle, and Neurodegeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2009 Nov 26;292(12):1953-1961 Authors: Demir O, Singh S, Klimaschewski L, Aksan Kurnaz I Neurogenesis in the embryo involves many signaling pathways and transcriptional programs and an elaborate orchestration of cell cycle exit in differentiating precursors. However, while the neurons differentiate into a plethora of different subtypes and different identities, they also presume a highly polar structure with a particular morphology of the cytoskeleton, thereby making it almost impossible for any differentiated cell to re-enter the cell cycle. It has been observed that dysregulated or forced cell cycle reentry is closely linked to neurodegeneration and apoptosis in neurons, most likely through changes in the neurocytoskeleton. However, proliferative cells still exist within the nervous system, and adult neural stem cells (NSCs) have been identified in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in the past decade, raising a great stir in the neuroscience community. NSCs present a new therapeutic potential, and much effort has since gone into understanding the molecular mechanisms driving differentiation of specific neuronal lineages, such as dopaminergic neurons, for use in regenerative medicine, either through transplanted NSCs or manipulation of existing ones. Nevertheless, differentiation and proliferation are two sides of the same coin, just like tumorigenesis and degeneration. Tumor formation may be regarded as a de-differentiation of tissues, where cell cycle mechanisms are reactivated in differentiated cell types. It is thus important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying various brain tumors in this perspective. The recent Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis also suggests the presence of Brain Tumor Initiating Cells (BTICs) within a tumor population, although the exact origin of these rare and mostly elusive BTICs are yet to be identified. This review attempts to investigate the correlation of neural stem cells/precursors, mature neurons, BTICs and brain tumors with respect to cell cycle regulation and the impact of cell cycle in neurodegeneration. Anat Rec, 292:1953-1961, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 19943348 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| In vitro cytokeratin expression profiling of human oral mucosa substitutes developed by tissue engineering.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | In vitro cytokeratin expression profiling of human oral mucosa substitutes developed by tissue engineering. Int J Artif Organs. 2009 Nov 26;32(10):711-719 Authors: Garzon I, Serrato D, Roda O, Del Carmen Sanchez-Quevedo M, Gonzales-Jaranay M, Moreu G, Nieto-Aguilar R, Alaminos M, Campos A In this work we performed a study of cytokeratin (CK) expression profiling on human artificial oral mucosa developed in vitro by tissue engineering at different stages of maturation (from immature to well-developed stages) at the protein and mRNA levels. Human artificial oral mucosa was generated in the laboratory using fibrin-agarose biomaterials. As controls, we used human native normal oral mucosa and embryonic oral tissues. Our results demonstrated that human embryonic oral tissues tended to express CK8 and CK19. In contrast, monolayered bioengineered oral mucosa did not show any CK expression by immunohistochemistry, whereas bilayered and multilayered artificial oral mucosa showed several markers of stratified epithelia, but did not express CK10. These results suggest that the CK expression pattern is strongly dependent on the maturation state of the artificial tissues and that the CK expression profile of our model of artificial oral mucosa was partially similar to that of the non-keratinized human adult oral mucosa. However, the expression of CK8 by the artificial oral mucosa suggests that these samples correspond to an early stage of development while kept in vitro. PMID: 19943232 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Pulmonary tissue engineering using dual-compartment polymer scaffolds with integrated vascular tree.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Pulmonary tissue engineering using dual-compartment polymer scaffolds with integrated vascular tree. Int J Artif Organs. 2009 Nov 26;32(10):701-710 Authors: Fritsche CS, Simsch O, Weinberg EJ, Orrick B, Stamm C, Kaazempur-Mofrad MR, Borenstein JT, Hetzer R, Vacanti JP Objectives: The persistent shortage of donor organs for lung transplantation illustrates the need for new strategies in organ replacement therapy. Pulmonary tissue engineering aims at developing viable hybrid tissue for patients with chronic respiratory failure. Methods: Dual-chamber polymer constructs that mimic the characteristics of the pulmonary air-blood interface were fabricated by microfabrication techniques using the biocompatible polymer polydimethylsiloxane. One compartment ("vascular chamber") was designed as a capillary network to mimic the pulmonary microvasculature. The other compartment ("parenchymal chamber") was designed to permit gas exchange. Immortalized mouse lung epithelium cells (MLE-12) were cultured on the surface of polystyrene microcarrier beads. These beads were subsequently injected into the parenchymal chamber of the dual-chamber microsystems. The vascular compartment was perfused with cell culture medium in a bioreactor and the construct was maintained in culture for 1 week. Results: The microcarriers evenly distributed MLE-12 cells on the parenchymal compartment surface. Confluent cell layers were confirmed by fluorescent and electron microscopy. Adequate proliferation of MLE-12 cells within the construct was monitored via the DNA content. Viability of the cells was maintained over 1 week. Finally, cellular specificity and functional capacity in situ were demonstrated by immunostaining for proSP-B and proSP-C (alveolar epithelium), and by using MLE-12 cells transfected to overexpress green fluorescent protein. Conclusion: We conclude that functional hybrid microsystems mimicking the basic building plan of alveolar tissue can be engineered in vitro. PMID: 19943231 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Assembly of skeletal muscle cells on a Si-MEMS device and their generative force measurement.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Assembly of skeletal muscle cells on a Si-MEMS device and their generative force measurement. Biomed Microdevices. 2009 Nov 27; Authors: Shimizu K, Sasaki H, Hida H, Fujita H, Obinata K, Shikida M, Nagamori E We have fabricated a simple Si-MEMS device consisting of a microcantilever and a base to measure active tension generated by skeletal muscle myotubes derived from murine myoblast cell line C2C12. We have developed a fabrication process for integration of myotubes onto the device. To position myotubes over the gap between the cantilever and the base without damage due to mechanical peeling or the use of an enzymatic reaction, we cultured myotubes on poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) as a sacrifice layer. By means of immune staining of alpha-actinin, it was confirmed that a myotube micropatterned onto the device bridged the gap between the cantilever and the base. After 7d differentiation, the myotube was actuated by electrical stimulation. The active tension generated by the myotube was evaluated by measuring the bending of the cantilever using image processing. On twitch stimulation, the myotube on the device contracted and generated active tension in response to the electrical signals. On tetanus tension measurement, approximately 1.0 muN per single myotube was obtained. The device developed here can be used in wide area of in vitro skeletal muscle studies, such as drug screening, physiology, regenerative medicine, etc. PMID: 19943113 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| In vitro construction of scaffold-free cylindrical cartilage using cell sheet-based tissue engineering.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | In vitro construction of scaffold-free cylindrical cartilage using cell sheet-based tissue engineering. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009 Nov 27; Authors: Tani G, Usui N, Kamiyama M, Oue T, Fukuzawa M PURPOSE: Tissue-engineered cartilage may offer a solution for the treatment of serious airway disease. This study developed a novel procedure to fabricate a scaffold-free cylindrical cartilage under in vitro conditions, while also evaluating the effect of a dynamic culture on the engineered construct. METHODS: Auricular chondrocytes were harvested from New Zealand white rabbits and cultivated under high-density conditions to form a chondrocyte sheet. The sheet was looped around a silicon tube and cultivated for 6 weeks in dynamic or static conditions. The engineered cylindrical cartilages were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. The expression of collagen, glycosaminoglycan content and mechanical properties were determined. RESULTS: The cylindrical cartilage was sufficiently elastic and stiff to maintain the structure without disruption. Histologically, the construct contained a Safranin-O positive cartilaginous matrix accompanied by the expression of type II collagen. The glycosaminoglycan content increased and reached 72% of the native tracheal cartilage after 6 weeks of cultivation. CONCLUSION: A novel procedure was developed for fabricating engineered cartilage, which maintained the shape and a proper level of rigidity and flexibility, under in vitro conditions using sheet-based tissue engineering techniques. This procedure may allow for the development of a tailor-made autograft and a functionally engineered trachea. PMID: 19943052 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Neural stem cells & supporting cells - The new therapeutic tools for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Neural stem cells & supporting cells - The new therapeutic tools for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Indian J Med Res. 2009 Sep;130:379-391 Authors: Paspala SA, Balaji AB, Nyamath P, Ahmed KS, Khan AA, Khaja MN, Narsu ML, Devi YP, Murthy TV, Habibullah CM Stem cells play important role in the development and in the maintenance of specific tissues. They have been identified in majority of the organs like liver, blood, skin and intestine. Role of stem cells in regenerative medicine have been implicated in many chronic diseases. Stem cell research is a new opportunity to those patients whose organs are damaged or diseased. The discovery of stem cells in central and peripheral nervous system is relatively recent. Spinal cord injury is one of the major neurological disaster affecting mostly young lives. Stem cell transplantation in spinal cord injury patients have shown encouraging results. Different sources of stem cells are being exploited for spinal cord injury as well as other neurological disorders. PMID: 19942740 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Genetically engineered angiogenic cell sheets using magnetic force-based gene delivery and tissue fabrication techniques.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Genetically engineered angiogenic cell sheets using magnetic force-based gene delivery and tissue fabrication techniques. Biomaterials. 2009 Nov 24; Authors: Akiyama H, Ito A, Kawabe Y, Kamihira M A major limitation in tissue engineering is the insufficient formation of blood vessels in implanted tissues, resulting in reduced cell density and graft size. We report here the fabrication of angiogenic cell sheets using a combination of two magnetic force-based techniques which use magnetite cationic liposomes (MCLs), magnetofection and magnetic cell accumulation. A retroviral vector encoding an expression cassette of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was labeled with MCLs, to magnetically attract the particles onto a monolayer of mouse myoblast C2C12 cells, for gene delivery. MCL-mediated infection increased transduction efficiency by 6.7-fold compared with the conventional method. During the fabrication of the tissue constructs, MCL-labeled cells were accumulated in the presence of a magnetic field to promote the spontaneous formation of a multilayered cell sheet. VEGF gene-engineered C2C12 (C2C12/VEGF) cell sheets, constructed using both magnetic force-based techniques, were subcutaneously transplanted into nude mice. Histological analyses revealed that on day 14 the C2C12/VEGF cell sheet grafts had produced thick tissues, with a high-cell density, and promoted vascularization. This suggests that the method described here represents a powerful strategy in tissue engineering. PMID: 19942286 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Hard tissue-forming potential of stem/progenitor cells in human dental follicle and dental papilla.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Hard tissue-forming potential of stem/progenitor cells in human dental follicle and dental papilla. Arch Oral Biol. 2009 Nov 24; Authors: Yagyuu T, Ikeda E, Ohgushi H, Tadokoro M, Hirose M, Maeda M, Inagake K, Kirita T OBJECTIVE: The existence of stem/progenitor cells in dental tissue has been suggested but their characterization in the human tooth germ remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate these cells in human dental follicles and dental papillae at the crown-forming stage and compare their potential for hard tissue formation. DESIGN: We used dental follicle cells (DFCs) and dental papilla cells (DPCs) derived from dental follicles and dental papillae at the crown-forming stage and compared their proliferative capacity, cell surface antigens and ability to form hard tissue in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Both DFCs and DPCs had extensive proliferation ability, expressed similar cell surface antigens and were capable of forming hard tissue in vivo as well as in vitro. However, there were two differences between DFCs and DPCs. First, DPCs had a significantly higher calcium accumulation than that in DFCs. Second, DFCs expressed a cementoblast marker, whereas DPCs expressed an odontoblast marker. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that dental follicles and dental papillae at the crown-forming stage contain different types of stem/progenitor cells and may have hard tissue-forming ability in a possibly origin-specific lineage direction. PMID: 19942210 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Mechanical and swelling characterization of P(NIPAAm-co-mPEGMA) sol-gels.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Mechanical and swelling characterization of P(NIPAAm-co-mPEGMA) sol-gels. Acta Biomater. 2009 Nov 23; Authors: Pollock JF, Healy KE The dimensional stability and rheological properties of a series of comb-like copolymers of N-isopropyl acrylamide and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, P(NIPAAm-co-mPEGMA), with varying PEG graft density and molecular weight were studied. The thermoresponsive character of the copolymer solutions was investigated by kinetic and equilibrium swelling, as well as by static and dynamic mechanical analysis. Surface response mapping was employed to target particular compositions and concentrations with excellent dimensional stability and relatively large change in dynamic mechanical properties upon thermoreversible gelation. The mechanical characteristics of the gels depended strongly upon concentration of total polymer and less so upon copolymer ratio. Increased PEG graft density was shown to slow the deswelling rate and increase the equilibrium water content of the gels. Upon gelation at sol concentrations of 1 wt% to 20 wt%, the materials underwent no deswelling or syneresis and maintained stable gels with a large elastic regime and high yield strain (i.e. elastic and soft but tough), even within the pascal range of complex shear moduli. These materials are unique in that they maintained a physiologically useful lower critical solution temperature ( approximately 33 (o)C), despite having a high PEG content. Copolymers with high PEG content and low polymer fraction were conveniently transparent in the gel phase, allowing visualization of cellular activity without disrupting the microenvironment. Mesenchymal stem cells showed good viability and proliferation in 3D culture within the gels, despite the lack of ligand incorporation to promote cellular interaction. Multi-component matrices can be created through simple mixing of copolymer solutions and peptide-conjugated linear polymers and proteins to produce combinatorial microenvironments with potential for use in cell biology, tissue engineering, and medical applications. PMID: 19941981 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Design and Evaluation of Novel Polyanhydride Blends as Nerve Guidance Conduits.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Design and Evaluation of Novel Polyanhydride Blends as Nerve Guidance Conduits. Acta Biomater. 2009 Nov 23; Authors: Griffin J, Carbone A, Delgado-Rivera R, Meiners S, Uhrich KE Implantable biodegradable nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have the potential to align and support regenerating cells, as well as prevent scar formation. In this study, in vitro bioassays and in vivo material evaluation is performed using a nerve guidance conduit material from a novel polyanhydride blend. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with both fibroblast and primary chick neurons demonstrated that the proposed polyanhydride blend is noncytotoxic. Subcutaneous implantation for seven days in rats resulted in an initial fibrin matrix, minimal macrophage presence, and angiogenesis in the surrounding tissues. Nerve guidance conduits fabricated from the proposed polyanhydride blend material may serve as favorable biocompatible tissue engineering devices. PMID: 19941978 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Stem cell-mediated natural tissue engineering.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Stem cell-mediated natural tissue engineering. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Nov 21; Authors: Möllmann H, Nef HM, Voss S, Troidl C, Willmer M, Szardien S, Rolf A, Klement M, Voswinckel R, Kostin S, Ghofrani HA, Hamm CW, Elsässer A ABSTRACT Background-Recently, we demonstrated that a fully differentiated tissue developed on a ventricular septal occluder that had been implanted due to infarct-related septum rupture. We hypothesized that this tissue originated from circulating stem cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate this hypothesis and to investigate the physiological differentiation and transdifferentiation potential of circulating stem cells. Methods and Results-We developed an animal model in which a freely floating membrane was inserted into each the left ventricle and the descending aorta. Membranes were removed after prespecified intervals of 3 days, and 2, 6, and 12 weeks; the newly developed tissue was evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. The contribution of stem cells was directly evaluated in another group of animals that were by treated with GM-CSF early after implantation. We demonstrated the time-dependent generation of a fully differentiated tissue composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and new blood vessels. Cells differentiated into early cardiomyocytes on membranes implanted in the left ventricles but not on those implanted in the aortas. Stem cell mobilization with GM-CSF led to more rapid tissue growth and differentiation. The GM-CSF effect on cell proliferation outlasted the treatment period by several weeks. Conclusions-Circulating stem cells contributed to the development of a fully differentiated tissue on membranes placed within the left ventricle or descending aorta under physiological conditions. Early cardiomyocyte generation was identified only on membranes positioned within the left ventricle. PMID: 19941631 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells Secretome: Soluble Factors and Their Roles in Regenerative Medicine.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells Secretome: Soluble Factors and Their Roles in Regenerative Medicine. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Salgado AJ, Reis RL, Sousa N, Gimble JM Stem cells have been long looked at as possible therapeutic vehicles for different health related problems. Among the different existing stem cell populations, Adipose- derived Stem Cells (ASCs) have been gathering attention in the last 10 years. When compared to other stem cells populations and sources, ASCs can be easily isolated while providing simultaneously higher yields upon the processing of adipose tissue. Similar to other stem cell populations, it was initially thought that the main potential of ASCs for regenerative medicine approaches was intimately related to their differentiation capability. Although this is true, there has been an increasing body of literature describing the trophic effects of ASCs on the protection, survival and differentiation of variety of endogenous cells/tissues. Moreover, they have also shown to possess an immunomodulatory character. This effect is closely related to the ASCs' secretome and the soluble factors found within it. Molecules such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factors, interleukins (ILs) 6, 7, 8 and 11, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), adipokines and others have been identified within the ASCs' secretome. Due to its importance regarding future applications for the field of regenerative medicine, we aim, in the present review, to make a comprehensive analysis of the literature relating to the ASCs' secretome and its relevance to the immune and central nervous system, vascularization and cardiac regeneration. The concluding section will highlight some of the major challenges that remain before ASCs can be used for future clinical applications. PMID: 19941460 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Adipose Tissue Regeneration.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Adipose Tissue Regeneration. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Brayfield CA, Marra KG, Rubin JP The repair of soft tissue defects, particularly after trauma and oncologic surgery, represents a major clinical challenge. While current reconstructive procedures can move soft tissue from other areas of the body, there remains an unmet need for new modalities that are less invasive and more precise. Adipose tissue is the key component necessary for soft tissue reconstruction. This review will discuss the discovery and potential of adult stem therapies in the regeneration of adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), are being examined as cell delivery systems for soft tissue reconstruction. In addition to a further understanding of the biology of ASCs, appropriate biomaterials (e.g., cell delivery vehicles), rapid expansion of stem cells using bioreactors, and suitable animal models for adipose tissue engineering are needed for successful stem cell therapies, and will be discussed in this review. Clinical studies with ASCs are being conducted in Europe and Asia and will be described. PMID: 19941458 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Bone Regeneration and Repair.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Bone Regeneration and Repair. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Panetta NJ, Gupta DM, Longaker MT In the face of mounting clinical demand, and armed with reconstructive techniques that are technically challenging and frequently result in suboptimal patient outcomes, increasing focus is being placed on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as a potential source of novel skeletal reconstructive approaches. Specifically, evidence is accumulating that highlights the promise of osteoprogenitor cell-based reconstructive strategies to meet the needs of an expanding patient population. Historically, the study of cell and molecular biology guiding physiologic and pathologic skeletal development, as well as endogenous bone regeneration following injury, has provided a wealth of information that lends insight toward potential parallel processes that may regulate the osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. Multiple progenitor cell populations are now known to possess a capacity to undergo robust osteogenic differentiation in the presence of appropriate environmental cues (hESC, BMSC, ASC, etc.) Recent investigations have put forth multiple advantages of ASC relative to BMSC. Of note, ASC exist in relative abundance, lack the need for in vitro expansion prior to utilization, and can be harvested with relative ease and reduced donor morbidity. Collectively, these factors, paired with promising in vitro and in vivo observations that speak toward the substantial osteogenic potential of ASC, have spurred enthusiasm to pursue the application of ASC in the maturation of skeletal tissue engineering applications. Yet, elucidating what structural and functional properties of scaffolds designed for ASC-mediated skeletal tissue engineering applications (porosity, pore size, composition, mechanical stability, degradation kinetics, etc.), as well as evolving our understanding and capacity to deliver spatiotemporally specific pro-osteogenic targeted molecular manipulation to progenitor cells, remain important hurdles to clear. The scope of this review encompasses the current state of ongoing investigations along these fronts, as well as what future direction will be critical to the transition of cell-based skeletal tissue engineering strategies to the bedside. PMID: 19941457 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Cartilage Regeneration Using Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Cartilage Regeneration Using Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Ogawa R, Mizuno S The first tissue engineering product, autologous chondrocytes implantation or transplantation (ACI or ACT), has been available for over a decade. Recently, adult tissue-derived stem cells have received great interest for their ability to promote tissue regeneration. To date, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been evaluated for new surgical procedures to reconstruct damaged and defective tissue, because they are easiest to harvest due to the large number of stem cells compared to other stem cell sources. However, there are issues in using ASCs for cartilage repair. Thus, we need more information regarding optimal culture conditions and methods to promote chondrogenic lineages of stem cells. The necessary information includes necessary differentiation factors, cell scaffolds, and cell culture conditions. We reviewed the methodology for manufacturing cell constructs using ASCs for clinical applications. PMID: 19941456 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Adipose Stem Cells and Skin Repair.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Adipose Stem Cells and Skin Repair. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Jeong JH With the discovery of adipose stem cells (ASCs), 40 years after the identification of bone marrow stem cells, a new era of active stem cell therapy has opened. The abundance of stem cells harvested from adipose tissue enables us to instantly apply primary cells without culture expansion. ASCs are already clinically applied in many other purposes such as cell-enriched lipotransfer, wound healing, skin rejuvenation, scar remodeling and skin tissue engineering. Although cellular mechanism of ASCs is not completely understood, recent researches have disclosed some of their unique functions as mesenchymal stem cells. There have been increasing numbers of scientific reports on the therapeutic effect of ASCs on skin repair, scar remodeling and rejuvenation. Wound healing and scar remodeling are complex, multi-cellular processes that involve coordinated efforts of many cell types and various cytokines. Recent reports showed ASCs as a powerful source of skin regeneration because of their capability to provide not only cellular elements, but also numerous cytokines. Currently, other attractive functions of ASCs in the recovery of extrinsic aging and radiation damage are under active investigation. It seems that autologous ASCs have great promise for applications in repair of skin, rejuvenation of aging skin and aging-related skin lesions. This review will focus on the specific roles of ASCs in skin tissue, especially related with wound healing, radiation injury, scar remodeling, skin rejuvenation and skin engineering. PMID: 19941454 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Vascular and Endothelial Regeneration.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Vascular and Endothelial Regeneration. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Casteilla L, Planat-Bénard V, Cousin B, Laharrague P, Bourin P Adipose tissue is the final tissue to develop and is strongly involved in energy homeostasis. It can represent up to 50% of body weight in obesity. Beside its metabolic role, endocrine functions appeared to play a key role in interconnecting adipose tissue with other tissues of the organism and in numerous physiological functions. The presence of adipocyte progenitors has long been demonstrated throughout life in the stromal fraction of adipose tissue. Now, it appears that these cells are multipotent and share numerous features with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from bone marrow. They also display some specificities and a strong pro-angiogenic potential. Altogether, these data emphasize the need to reconsider the potential of adipose tissue. Moreover, since fat pads are easy to sample, numerous and promising perspectives are now opening up in regenerative medicine, particularly in ischemic situations. PMID: 19941453 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Neural Differentiation and Therapeutic Potential of Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Neural Differentiation and Therapeutic Potential of Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Erba P, Terenghi G, Kingham PJ Neural tissue has historically been regarded as having poor regenerative capacity but recent advances in the growing fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have opened new hopes for the treatment of nerve injuries and neurodegenerative disorders. Adipose tissue has been shown to contain a large quantity of adult stem cells (ASC). These cells can be easily harvested with low associated morbidity and because of their potential to differentiate into multiple cell types, their use has been suggested for a wide variety of therapeutic applications. In this review we examine the evidence indicating that ASC can stimulate nerve regeneration by both undergoing neural differentiation and through the release of a range of growth factors. We also discuss some of the issues that need to be addressed before ASC can be developed as an effective cellular therapy for the treatment of neural tissue disorders. PMID: 19941451 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Tendon Regeneration and Repair with Adipose Derived Stem Cells.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Tendon Regeneration and Repair with Adipose Derived Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Uysal AC, Mizuno H Tendon, the crucial element of the musculoskeletal system, when damaged, never restores the biological and biomechanical properties completely. Recently, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have enabled the differentiation of postnatal somatic stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to different cell lineages and tissues including tendon. In addition, the MSCs, mainly bone marrow derived stem cells (BSCs) were proven to enhance tendon healing. Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) were shown to be as effective as the other MSCs by their multipotency and proliferative efficiency. However, neither the differentiation of ASCs to tenocytes nor the tendon regeneration using ASCs have been described in literature. Recently, we have studied the effect of ASCs on primary tendon repair in in-vivo model. In this paper, we sought to discuss tendon tissue engineering by focusing on culture of tenocytes, biomaterials, scaffolds, mechanical loading, fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells and mainly on adipose derived stem cells. Tendon regeneration using ASCs might be one of the clinical remedies in near future. In addition, the enhancing effect of ASCs on tendon repair and tendon defects might enable better clinical outcomes in musculoskeletal system reconstruction. Advances in biomaterial technology will improve the methodology in tendon regeneration however, up to date, ASCs present an ideal cell source for experimental and clinical research on tendon engineering. PMID: 19941450 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Tobita M, Mizuno H Periodontal disease leads to destruction of the periodontium such as alveolar bone, cementum, the periodontal ligament, and gingiva. Effective treatment for periodontal tissue regeneration is important, because periodontal disease is related to several systemic diseases. However, various conventional therapies for periodontal tissue regeneration have shown limited and variable clinical outcomes. Thus, there are ongoing efforts to identify an alternative cell source, such as stem cells, for the development of new tissue engineering therapies. In this review, periodontal disease and the application of tissue engineering for periodontal tissue regeneration are discussed. In particular, adipose-derived stem cells are presented as an agent for restoring periodontal tissue defects. PMID: 19941449 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
| Stem Cells for Hepatic Regeneration: the Role of Adipose Tissue derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
November 28, 2009 at 6:56 am
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| | Stem Cells for Hepatic Regeneration: the Role of Adipose Tissue derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009 Nov 26; Authors: Ishikawa T, Banas A, Hagiwara K, Iwaguro H, Ochiya T Severe hepatic dysfunctions including hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma are life-threatening conditions for which effective medical treatments are needed. With the only effective treatment to date being orthotropic liver transplantation, alternative approaches are needed because of the limited number of donors and the possibility of immune-rejection. One alternative is regenerative medicine, which holds promise for the development of a cell-based therapy enabling hepatic regeneration through transplantation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) or hepatocyte-like cells generated from AT-MSCs. When compared with embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the use of AT-MSCs as regenerative cells would be advantageous in regard to ethical and safety issues since AT-MSCs are somatic cells and have the potential to be used without in vitro culture. These autologous cells are immuno-compatible and exhibit controlled differentiation and multi-functional abilities and do not undergo post-transplantation rejection or unwanted differentiation such as formation of teratomas. AT-MSC-based therapies may provide a novel approach for hepatic regeneration and hepatocyte differentiation and thereby support hepatic function in diseased individuals. PMID: 19941447 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] | | | 
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